Axis 5°- Capitalism 5°

Dear reader:

I will begin my exposition about Social Democratism 5® with some excerpts from different sources in order to introduce the topic. Later on, I will proceed to present my scientific arguments. In Spanish, or English, please enjoy this Economics Economy Journey:

According to several sources there are different views concerning the concepts, definitions, origen, and usefulness of Capitalism, Socialism, and Communism. But unrelated to liberty, freedom, independence, and patriotism as a Social System. What I consider Marx, Lenin, and successors neglected. Democracy will profit greatly with my New Doctrine Social Democratism 5®. As well as the Socioeconomic System derived from its scientific principles and arguments. See it for yourselves how  scientists have, until today, deprived the Human Family from the Social Factors as well as the philosophical, and psychological factors at the time of elaborating a Social System capable of solving the U. N treaties' issues and  accords' ; as well as the Human Equality Issue, the Poverty Issue, the Human Rights Issue, the Distribution of Richness Issue...etc. 

After some short digital pasting I will begin with my Social Democratism 5® deliveration. My Doctrine and Socioeconomic System weave the economy together with the society in a clever and sticky manner to achieve an Economic Jump in Social Development in a New Revolutionary Way to create Economic Growth and Wealth without disregarding the Humans' Essence. Without disregarding God's purpose for Human Happiness. 

Here is a list of what Marx, Lenin, and successors forgot to add to the Economics' Economy Offer:

-Liberty of economy. 

-Social freedom. 

-Economic Justness. 

-Economic Justice. 

-Equality of the difference. Not Social Equality. 

-The - Economic Basic- instead of The Basic Economy. 

-Liberty of Sociality. 

-Liberty of Society. 

-Philosophical, economic, and political duality. Not monoality. 

-Incorporated State Development Aid. 

-Migratory Recognition for poor immigrants. 

-Localization of the Social System instead of globalization of the Social System. 

-Socialization of the Capitalist System instead of capitalization of the Social System...

-Equal trade for underdeveloped and developing countries based on incorporation. 

-The Economy cannot be mixed. The economy is based on capital and capitalism. There's not such a thing as Mixed Economy or Market Economy.  It's man to man exploitation. 

-Corporative capitalism is an economic law. Another thing is Social Corporative Capitalism either as SS or enrichment method. 

-Socialist capitalism is more predative than capitalist capitalism because of its Genesis and nature. 

-The Capitalist Democracy is the perfect Social System with my New Doctrine Social Democratism. 

-Global Economic Sponsorship for poor countries as a law. No poor country without an Economy Sponsor. 

-The concept of Social Revolution has been misused to enforce a Socialist Tyrany that became a military dictatorship killing the hope for justice and Social change. As well as the misuse of the concept of republic to hide a Military Monarchy. E.g: The Cuban Revolution. As in the case of Cuba. The Republic of 🇨🇺. The monarchs rule in a fake republic. E. g: La Revolución.

-Everyone according to their talent, mercy, pardon, and tolerance is the basic economic principle in Social Democratism Five. 

This is my definition of today's capitalism:

Democracy is devided into:

Capitalist Democracy. 

Democratic Capitalism. 

Capitalist Capitalism. 

Democratism Democracy. 

Capitalist Democratism. 

Socialist Capitalism. 

Capitalist Socialism. 

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Tipos de sistemas capitalistas. 

Mercantilismo y proteccionismo.

Laissez faire y capitalismo desregulado.

Capitalismo corporativo.

Economía social de mercado.

Economía mixta.

Entre ellos se incluyen el capitalismo avanzado, el capitalismo corporativo, el capitalismo financiero, el capitalismo de libre mercado, el mercantilismo, el capitalismo social, el capitalismo de Estado y el capitalismo del bienestar .

Cómo se llama el sistema capitalista actual?

A partir del despliegue de las tecnologías electrónica y las telecomunicaciones, se transformó la dinámica de la producción y acumulación de capital, dando lugar a lo que podría denominarse capitalismo informático (o informacional) global5. 

(Castells, 2002; Dabat, 2002).

Más recientemente, los economistas han identificado cuatro tipos de capitalismo, que se distinguen según el papel de la iniciativa empresarial (el proceso de iniciar una empresa) en el impulso a la innovación y el marco institucional en el cual se implementan nuevas ideas para estimular el crecimiento económico (Baumol ...2 Jun 2015).

The most capitalist country. 

1. Singapur. Con una puntuación de 89,4 puntos sobre 100, la ciudad-estado ocupa el primer puesto en el ranking de índice de libertad económica, debido en gran medida a su entorno empresarial abierto y libre de corrupción, políticas monetarias y fiscales prudentes y un marco legal transparente.3 Feb 2021. 

Los actuales economistas expresan la creencia que la economía capitalista no asume una forma única y universal, sino que varía entre los estados nacionales .

El capitalismo da prioridad a la libertad individual, el libre mercado y la intervención limitada del gobierno, mientras que el comunismo pretende crear una sociedad igualitaria con propiedad colectiva de los recursos y un amplio control estatal.11 Mar 2024

El capitalismo es el sistema más eficiente conocido para la distribución de la riqueza en toda la historia de la humanidad, es el motor más grande de crecimiento, y es lo que ha permitido el progreso de los seres humanos como individuos.7 Feb 2019. 

El capitalismo ofrece una gran capacidad de producción y de innovación. En general, las ventajas del capitalismo tienen que ver con su gran capacidad de producción y de innovación, especialmente en el marco de una sociedad altamente industrializada, lo cual para muchos es en sí mismo una señal de progreso.

Capitalism is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit. The defining characteristics of capitalism include private property, capital accumulation, competitive markets, price systems, recognition of property rights, self-interest, economic freedom, meritocracy, work ethic, consumer sovereignty, economic efficiency, profit motive, a financial infrastructure of money and investment that makes possible credit and debt, entrepreneurship, commodification, voluntary exchange, wage labor, production of commodities and services, and a strong emphasis on innovation and economic growth. In a market economy, decision-making and investments are determined by owners of wealth, property, or ability to maneuver capital or production ability in capital and financial markets—whereas prices and the distribution of goods and services are mainly determined by competition in goods and services markets.

Economists, historians, political economists, and sociologists have adopted different perspectives in their analyses of capitalism and have recognized various forms of it in practice. These include laissez-faire or free-market capitalism, anarcho-capitalism, state capitalism, and welfare capitalism. Different forms of capitalism feature varying degrees of free markets, public ownership, obstacles to free competition, and state-sanctioned social policies. The degree of competition in markets and the role of intervention and regulation, as well as the scope of state ownership, vary across different models of capitalism. The extent to which different markets are free and the rules defining private property are matters of politics and policy. Most of the existing capitalist economies are mixed economies that combine elements of free markets with state intervention and in some cases economic planning.

Capitalism in its modern form emerged from agrarianism in England, as well as mercantilist practices by European countries between the 16th and 18th centuries. The Industrial Revolution of the 18th century established capitalism as a dominant mode of production, characterized by factory work and a complex division of labor. Through the process of globalization, capitalism spread across the world in the 19th and 20th centuries, especially before World War I and after the end of the Cold War. During the 19th century, capitalism was largely unregulated by the state, but became more regulated in the post–World War II period through Keynesianism, followed by a return of more unregulated capitalism starting in the 1980s through neoliberalism.

The existence of market economies has been observed under many forms of government and across a vast array of historical periods, geographical locations, and cultural contexts. The modern industrial capitalist societies that exist today developed in Western Europe as a result of the Industrial Revolution. The accumulation of capital is the primary mechanism through which capitalist economies promote economic growth. However, it is a characteristic of such economies that they experience a business cycle of economic growth followed by recessions.

Critics of capitalism and economist and historian Robert Hessen stated that the term "capitalism" itself is a term of disparagement and a misnomer for economic individualism. Bernard Harcourt agrees with the statement that the term is a misnomer, adding that it misleadingly suggests that there is such a thing as "capital" that inherently functions in certain ways and is governed by stable economic laws of its own.

In the English language, the term "capitalism" first appears, according to the Oxford English Dictionary (OED), in 1854, in the novel The Newcomes by novelist William Makepeace Thackeray, where the word meant "having ownership of capital". Also according to the OED, Carl Adolph Douai, a German American socialist and abolitionist, used the term "private capitalism" in 1863.

Definition

There is no universally agreed upon definition of capitalism; it is unclear whether or not capitalism characterizes an entire society, a specific type of social order, or crucial components or elements of a society. Societies officially founded in opposition to capitalism (such as the Soviet Union) have sometimes been argued to actually exhibit characteristics of capitalism. Nancy Fraser describes usage of the term "capitalism" by many authors as "mainly rhetorical, functioning less as an actual concept than as a gesture toward the need for a concept". Scholars who are uncritical of capitalism rarely actually use the term "capitalism". Some doubt that the term "capitalism" possesses valid scientific dignity, and it is generally not discussed in mainstream economics, with economist Daron Acemoglu suggesting that the term "capitalism" should be abandoned entirely. Consequently, understanding of the concept of capitalism tends to be heavily influenced by opponents of capitalism and by the followers and critics of Karl Marx.

Capitalism, in its modern form, can be traced to the emergence of agrarian capitalism and mercantilism in the early Renaissance, in city-states like Florence. Capital has existed incipiently on a small scale for centuries in the form of merchant, renting and lending activities and occasionally as small-scale industry with some wage labor. Simple commodity exchange and consequently simple commodity production, which is the initial basis for the growth of capital from trade, have a very long history. During the Islamic Golden Age, Arabs promulgated capitalist economic policies such as free trade and banking. Their use of Indo-Arabic numerals facilitated bookkeeping. These innovations migrated to Europe through trade partners in cities such as Venice and Pisa. Italian mathematicians traveled the Mediterranean talking to Arab traders and returned to popularize the use of Indo-Arabic numerals in Europe.

Agrarianism

The economic foundations of the feudal agricultural system began to shift substantially in 16th-century England as the manorial system had broken down and land began to become concentrated in the hands of fewer landlords with increasingly large estates. Instead of a serf-based system of labor, workers were increasingly employed as part of a broader and expanding money-based economy. The system put pressure on both landlords and tenants to increase the productivity of agriculture to make profit; the weakened coercive power of the aristocracy to extract peasant surpluses encouraged them to try better methods, and the tenants also had incentive to improve their methods in order to flourish in a competitive labor market. Terms of rent for land were becoming subject to economic market forces rather than to the previous stagnant system of custom and feudal obligation.

Mercantilism

The economic doctrine prevailing from the 16th to the 18th centuries is commonly called mercantilism. This period, the Age of Discovery, was associated with the geographic exploration of foreign lands by merchant traders, especially from England and the Low Countries. Mercantilism was a system of trade for profit, although commodities were still largely produced by non-capitalist methods. Most scholars consider the era of merchant capitalism and mercantilism as the origin of modern capitalism, although Karl Polanyi argued that the hallmark of capitalism is the establishment of generalized markets for what he called the "fictitious commodities", i.e. land, labor and money. Accordingly, he argued that "not until 1834 was a competitive labor market established in England, hence industrial capitalism as a social system cannot be said to have existed before that date".

England began a large-scale and integrative approach to mercantilism during the Elizabethan Era (1558–1603). A systematic and coherent explanation of balance of trade was made public through Thomas Mun's argument England's Treasure by Forraign Trade, or the Balance of our Forraign Trade is The Rule of Our Treasure. It was written in the 1620s and published in 1664.

European merchants, backed by state controls, subsidies and monopolies, made most of their profits by buying and selling goods. In the words of Francis Bacon, the purpose of mercantilism was "the opening and well-balancing of trade; the cherishing of manufacturers; the banishing of idleness; the repressing of waste and excess by sumptuary laws; the improvement and husbanding of the soil; the regulation of prices...".

After the period of the proto-industrialization, the British East India Company and the Dutch East India Company, after massive contributions from the Mughal Bengal, inaugurated an expansive era of commerce and trade. These companies were characterized by their colonial and expansionary powers given to them by nation-states. During this era, merchants, who had traded under the previous stage of mercantilism, invested capital in the East India Companies and other colonies, seeking a return on investment.